Noun thumal le adjective thumal inkawpa thumal ei siem suok chungchâng hi ‘Hmar Grammar And Composition’ bung 2-naa hril a nih. Ziek kawpa thumal tlang siem hi ei fie theina ding chun, ei ziek ṭhe dân hriet hmasak a ṭûl. Chuleiin, noun le adjective inkawp ei ziek ṭhe chungchâng ei hril hmasa ding a nih.
Ziek ṭhe ding:
Noun thumal le adjective thumal inkawp (indawt), an kâra thumal dang tla zep um lo hi a pahni’n an umzie pângngâi an sawm ve ve a, noun thumal chu a kawppui adjective thumalin a hril fie thei phawt chun, chuong noun thumal le adjective thumal inkawp chu ei ziek ṭhe hlak.
pat sen, thei thûr, thingpui thlum, ram dei, zakuo vâr, kekawr tluon, bu hmin, sa hro, hme ṭhing, damdâwi khâ.
Entirna ei suklanga khin, thumal hmasa lem (noun) le thumal nuhnung lem (adjective) khin an umzie pângngâi an inhmang naw ve ve. Chun, noun thumal hi adjective thumal hin a nina a hril fie thei bawk. Chuleiin, noun thumal le adjective thumal inkawp (indawt) hi thil pakhat kâwk ni hai sien khawm ei ziek ṭhe a, noun thu hlawm (phrase) ei siem hi a’n dik a nih. Thutluon hmang bawkin entirna dang la hang suklang ei tih.
(a) Sangi’n zakuo vâr a hâk.
(aw) Lala’n bu ṭhing a fâk.
Entirna pakhatnaa (a) ‘zakuo vâr’ tia ‘zakuo’ ti hi noun a ni a, ‘vâr’ hi adjective a nih. ‘Zakuo vâr’ tia hin, ‘zakuo’ hin a nina a’n hmang naw a, ‘vâr’ khawm hin a umzie pângngâi a la sawm bawk. A nina tlânsan lo noun thumal ‘zakuo’ hi adjective thumal ‘vâr’ hin a umzie bul inhmang ṭhak lovin ieng rawng am a ni ti a hril fie thei bawk. Chuleiin, noun thumal le adjective thumal inkawp hi ‘zakuo vâr’ tia ziek ṭhein ‘noun phrase (thu hlawm)’ a nih. Noun thu hlawm ‘zakuo vâr’ hi transitive verb ‘hâk’ object a ni bawk. Rawng hrilna adjective ‘vâr’ hin, ‘kekawr vâr, pheikhawk vâr’ tiin noun chi dang dang a hril fie hlak.
Entirna pahninaa (aw) ‘bu ṭhing’ tia noun thumal ‘bu’ hin a umze bul a tlânsan naw a, adjective ‘ṭhing’ khawm hin a nina pângngâi a chel zing. Noun thumal ‘bu’ hi adjective ‘ṭhing’ hin a umze bul inhmang ṭhak lovin a hril fie bawk. Chuleiin, nina tum tum nei chu ziek kawp ding a ni naw leiin, ‘bu ṭhing’ tia ziek ṭhein noun thu hlawm an nih. Noun thu hlawm ‘bu ṭhing’ hi transitive verb ‘fâk’ object a ni nghâl bawk. Adjective ‘ṭhing’ hin, ‘hme ṭhing, sa ṭhing, thil ṭhing’ tiin noun chi dang dang a hril fie hlak.
“Noun le adjective inkawp chu, noun hi adjective-in a hril fie ti ei hriet a, a hranpa taka hril lo khawmin a tum ve vea ziek ding a nih ti hriet sa annâwm,” ei ti el thei. A ni khawp el, noun le ama hril fietu adjective chu ṭawng bung tum ve ve an ni tlat leiin ziek ṭhe ngei ngei ding a nih. Chuong lai zing chun, ṭawngkam ei hmang dân zirin hmun ṭhenkhata chu ei lo ziek kawp hlak. Hienga ei lo ziek kawp hlak khawm hi ziek ṭhe ding a ni lem thû la hang hril ei tih.
Entirna thutluonhaia noun (zakuo, bu) le anni hril fietu adjective (vâr, ṭhing) hi ziek ṭhe ding a ni ti thuah ei buoi nawh. A san chu, noun (zakuo, bu) le anni hril fietu adjective (vâr, ṭhing) hi thuchângkima an hmun pângngâi an hluo a, noun le adjective an ni ang taka sin an thaw leiin ziek ṭhe ding a ni ti hriet a harsa nawh. Anachu, ṭawngkam ei hung thlâk danglam phât noun le adjective thumal hi ziek kawpin, noun thumal tlang siem hlak niin ei ngai tlat. Ṭawngkam ei thlâk danglam a ni khawmin, noun le adjective ngîr kawp hi an umze bul an chel zing chun ziek ṭhe ding a nih. A hnuoia hin thutluon siemin hang thlîr ei tih.
(a) Thei thûr hi hrilsûlna dingin a ṭha.
(aw) Tlângrama khan sa hro ka hme rawp hlak.
Entirna thuchângkim a pahni hin, entirna hmasaa thu tluon pângngâi a ni ta nawh. Entirna thuchângkim pakhatnaa (a) ‘thei’ ti hi noun thumal a ni a, ‘thûr’ hi adjective a nih. ‘Thei thûr’ tia noun thumal ‘thei’ le adjective ‘thûr’ hin an ze pângngâi an put zing. Noun ‘thei’ hi adjective ‘thûr’ hin a ‘thlum’ ni lovin a ‘thûr’ a ni ti a hril fie bawk. Chuleiin, ṭawng bung hran ve ve chu ziek kawp thei a ni naw leiin, ‘thei thûr’ tia ziek ṭhein noun thu hlawm ei siem a nih. Noun thu hlawm ‘thei thûr’ ti hi a umna thuchângkima hin a chungchâng ei hril ‘subject’ a ni bawk.
Entirna pakhatna anga ṭawngkam ei hmangna ang chia hin noun le adjective thumal hi ei ziek kawp hlaka chu ziek ṭhe ding a nih. Hi taka noun le adjective thumal hi an umna hmun pângngâi tlânsanin thuchângkim bul tieng ei sie dai a, an pahni ziek ṭhe ‘noun phrase’ chu subject a nih. Hienga thu ei rem hin noun le adjective hi noun thumal tlang ni dingin ei ziek kawp hlaka chu ziek ṭhe a, noun phrase an ni hi a lampui indik a nih. Entirna dingin noun le adjective, ‘mingo, misuol’ tia ei lo ziek kawp ang dâm hi, ‘mi ngo, mi suol’ tia ziek ṭhe a, phrase an ni hi ziek dân ding a nih.
Entirna pahninaa (aw) ‘sa hro’ tia ‘sa’ hi noun a ni a, ‘hro’ hi adjective a nih. Noun thumal ‘sa’ le adjective ‘hro’ hin an umze pângngâi an inhmang naw ve ve a. Noun thumal ‘sa’ hi ieng ang am a ni ti ‘hro’ hin adjective a ninain a hril fie. Chuleiin, nina tum tum nei thumal chu ziek kawp ding a ni naw leiin, ‘sa hro’ tia ziek ṭhein mânia umze nei noun thu hlawm (phrase) a ni hin a’n dik a nih. Noun thu hlawm ‘sa hro’ hi transitive verb ‘hme’ object a nih.
Tuta entirna ei pêk ang chi ṭawngkama hin ‘thei thûr’ ti tak hi ei lo ziek ṭhe hlak a ni khawmin, noun le adjective inkawp hieng, ‘sa hro, dawl hro’ thai dâm hi ei ziek kawp châng a um hlak. Anachu, ei ziek ṭhe a, noun thu hlawm ei siem hi a kawng le lam a nih. ‘Sakhi sa hro, nga hro’ tiin ieng hro khawm ni sien, ‘hro’ hin adjective a ninain a hril fie thei leiin ziek ṭhe vawng ding a nih. ‘Hro’ hi adjective thumal verb-a hmang thei chi a ni leiin, prefix ‘in’ belin ‘inhro’ tiin verb thumal bawk ei siem thei bawk.
Hieng hin, noun thumal le adjective thumal inkawp (indawt), a pahni’n an umzie pângngâi an sawm ve ve a, noun thumal chu a kawppui adjective thumalin a hril fie thei phawt chun, chuong noun thumal le adjective thumal inkawp chu ei ziek ṭhe hlak. Hieng noun thumal le adjective thumal inkawp hi thil pakhat hrilna niin, noun thu hlawm ei siem hlak a nih. Noun le adjective thumal ṭhang kawpa noun phrase ei siem hi thuchângkima subject amanih, transitive verb thumal object dingin ei hmang hlak. Main verb dinga ei hmang transitive verb a object an ni naw phâta subject ngîrhmun an hluonaa khawm, noun le adjective an ni ang taka an umze bul tlânsan lova sin an thaw thei a ni phawt chun ei ziek ṭhe a, noun thu hlawm (phrase) an ni hi ziek dân indik a nih.
Ziek kawp ding:
Noun le adjective inkawpa noun thumal tlang siem chungchâng hi ‘Hmar Grammar And Composition’ bung 2-naah bawk inchuon a nih. Noun le adjective inkawpa noun thumal hung pieng hi tam tak um. A ṭhen hang suklang hmasa’ng ei tih.
Ruolṭha = ruol (n) + ṭha (adj.)
Hmêlṭha = hmêl (n) + ṭha (adj.)
Bekanthu = Bekan (n) + thu (adj.)
Lamlien = lam (n) + lien (adj.)
Thisen = thi (n) + sen (adj.)
Rawtuoi = raw (n) + tuoi (adj.)
Lunghlu = lung (n) + hlu (adj.)
Puonropui = puon (n) + ropui (adj.)
Pasalṭha = pasal (n) + ṭha (adj.)
Sêrthlum = sêr (N) + thlum (adj.)
Ngaphêk = nga (n) + phêk (adj.).
Entirnaa noun thumal le adjective thumal inkawpa hin, a pakhat lem lemin an umzie pângngâi tlânsanin ze hran an put ve ve tah. Hieng noun le adjective inkawp hi noun le adjective angin sin an thaw tlâng thei nawh. A malin an ngîr thei naw leiin ei ziek kawp a, umzie dang nei noun thumal tlangin ei siem a nih. Thutluon siemin hang thlîr nawn ei tih.
(a) Lunghlu hi thil hlu a nih.
(aw) Lamlien hi inhnelna hmun ding a ni nawh.
Entirnaa (a) ‘lunghlu’ tia ‘lung’ ti hi noun a ni a, ‘hlu’ hi adjective a nih. Hieng thumal pahni hi ‘lung hlu’ tia ei ziek ṭhe a, adjective ‘hlu’ hi noun ‘lung’ hril fietua ei hmang chun, chu ‘lung’ chu ‘hlu’ bîk rieu nia ei hrilna a ni ding a n’a. ‘Thil hlu, thuomhnaw hlu, lekhabu hlu’ ti ang chia noun le adjective inkawp, noun thu hlawm (phrase) a hung ni ding a nih. Amiruokchu, entirnaa ‘lunghlu’ tia noun thumal ‘lung’ ruok hin chu a zepui a tlânsan ta a, lung tak tak hrilna a ni ta nawh. ‘Lung’ tak tak hrilnain a mala inngîrtir a, adjective hmanga ieng ang lung am a ni ti hril fie chî a ni nawh. Chuleiin, noun thumal ‘lung’ le adjective thumal ‘hlu’ hi ei ziek kawp a, thil hlu tak pakhat (diamond) hrilna hming dingin ‘lunghlu’ tiin, noun tlang ei siem a nih.
Entirna pahninaa ‘lamlien’ tia adjective thumal ‘lien’ khawm hin a nina a tlânsan dai tah. Noun thumal ‘lam’ hi a mala inngîrtir a, adjective thumal ‘lien’ hmanga hril fie chî a ni ta nawh. ‘Thing lien, bâwng lien’ ti ang chia noun le adjective inkawp, noun thu hlawm anga ziek ṭhe chun a nina le a kâwk a’n hmang dai ding a nih. Chuleiin, ‘lam’ le ‘lien’ hi ei ziek kawp a, inlawnna lampui hrilna hming dingin ‘lamlien’ tiin noun tlang ei siem a nih.
Hieng hin, noun thumal le adjective thumal inkawp hi noun thumal amanih, adjective thumal khan an umzie pângngâi tlânsana ze hran an put ta chun, a hran ve vea ngîrin, noun le a hril fietu adjective angin sin an thaw tlâng thei ta nawh. Chuleiin, noun le adjective chu ei ziek kawp a, noun thumal tlang ei siem hlak. Ziek ṭhe chun an nina inhmangin (‘lung hlu’ tia ei ziek ṭhe chun ‘lunghlu’ hin a nina a’n hmang tah), kâwk dang an nei thei leiin ei ziek kawp a, kâwk pakhat nei thil hming hrilnain ei ziek kawp a, noun thumal tlang ei siem a nih.
Noun thumal siemna dinga noun le adjective ei ziek kawphai hi nina hran nei ve ve inkawp an ni tlat leiin, an tla hran ve ve phât chu an nina ang takin sin an thaw a, an inkawp laia umzie ni lo an umze bul ei hmang hlak. An kâra thumal dang a tla zep um lova an ngîr kawp huna khawm, ei ziek kawp phâta umzie ni lo kâwk dang neiin, ei hril tah angin noun thu hlawm an siem hlak. Chu umzie chu, noun le adjective inkawpa noun thumal ei siemhai hi, umzie dang neiin a’n dawtin (zawm) an ngîr ve ve thei hun a um, tina a nih. Entirna hmang bawkin la hang suklang ei tih.
(a) Vadungah lung hlu deu ka hmu hlau el.
(aw) Lam lien hi a hraw a’n hawi.
Entirnaa (a) ‘lung hlu’ hi, ‘lunghlu’ tia ei ziek kawp leh a kâwk a’n persan dai tah. Hi taka hin chu kâwk bîk nei ni sien khawm, noun thumal ‘lung’ hi adjective thumal ‘hlu’ hin ieng ang lung am a ni ti a hril fie thei tlat leiin ei ziek ṭhe a, noun thu hlawm (‘deu’ ṭhangin) a ni hin a’n dik a nih. Pahninaa (aw) ‘lam lien’ tia ei ziek ṭhe khawm hi ‘lamlien’ tia ei ziek kawp leh a kâwk a’n ang nawh. Hi taka ‘lien’ hi chu adjective niin ‘chîn’ ni lo hrilna a ni dai tah. Noun thumal ‘lam’ hi adjective thumal ‘lien’ hin a hril fie thei leiin, ‘lam lien’ tiin ei ziek ṭhe a, noun thu hlawm ei siem a nih.
Chuong ang bawk chun, noun le adjective ziek kawp ‘ruolṭha’ ti le, ‘ruol ṭha’ tia ei ziek ṭhe hi kâwk thuhmun a ni nawh. ‘Rawtuoi’ tia ei ziek mat le, ‘raw tuoi’ tia a mal ve vea ei inngîrtir khawm hi umzie inang lo a nih. Hieng ang hin, noun thumal le adjective thumal inkawpa noun thumal ei siemhai hi, umzie dang nei dinga (indawta ngîr si a) ziek ṭhe hun a um hlak.
Thlîr zauna:
‘Parts of Speech pakhata ei hmang chun ziek kawp ding,’ ti dân hi inhmaa inthawka ei fepui dân a nih. A bîkin noun a ni a, thil pakhat ei inkâwktir a ni phawt chun thumal pahni le a nêka tam khawm ei ziek kawp el hlak. Hi dân hi ei inza a, “A’n dik naw hulhuol a nih,” ei ti bawk nawh. Chun, ziek kawp le ziek ṭhe hi, Hmar ṭawngin a phêt ang takin dân fel tak hnuoia um a ni ti ei hmu bawk. Amiruokchu, a dân hi ei lo zui zo naw niin a’n lang. Ziek ṭhea a dân zui indik lem, ei lo ziek kawp ṭhang hi a tam êm êm. Chuleiin, en nawn ding le siem ṭhat ding chu a um ngei a; naupang la hung inchûk pei dinghai hmâkhuo ding thlîr zinga lungril zâu tak puta ei ngaituo a ṭûl hle.
Noun le adjective ṭhang kawp, ei lo ziek kawp ṭhang ‘buṭhing’ ti khawm hi, ‘bu ṭhing’ tiin, noun thu hlawm an ni hin a’n dik a, thil pakhat ei inkâwktir tho leiin ziek ṭhe lem chî a nih. ‘Sa ṭhing, hme ṭhing, thil ṭhing’ tihai hi ei ziek ṭhe si chun, ‘buṭhing’ tia ei ziek kawp bîk chun ‘dân’ kha ei hraw ta naw tina a nih. Chun, hieng anga noun le adjective inkawp ṭhenkhat hi a châng chun a kârah pronoun ei intlâk zeptir a, a tum sengin ei sie hlak. Entirna dingin, ‘bu a ṭhing’ tiin a hran sengin ei ziek hlak.
Hienga a kâra pronoun ei zep chun, ‘subject’ le ‘verb’ amanih, ‘verb’ le ‘object’ sin an thaw hlak. ‘Verb’ ti thumal ei hang hmang hi ei ngai buoi pal chun, Hmar ṭawnga adjective thumal hi verb angin ei hmang hlak ti hi ei theinghil naw a ṭha. Ei hril ang a, noun le adjective (verb-a inchang huomin) thumal hi a kârah pronoun zep lova ei hmang khawmin, ‘subject’ le ‘verb’ amanih, ‘object’ le ‘verb’ amanih, ‘noun’ le ‘adjective’ an ni tho leiin, ‘bu ṭhing’ tia ei ziek ṭhe a, ‘noun thu hlawm (phrase)’ ei siem hi dân a zui indik lem. A kâra pronoun zep ang chî hi chu hmun dangah chipchier lemin la hril ei tih.
Lêkhabu râwnhai:
- New Hmar Grammar And Composition – published by The Hmar Literature Society, Manipur
- Mizo Ṭawng Grammar (Based on its usage and unique features) – PC Thangzikpuia
- Grammar And Composition of Contemporary English (Class IX – X) – Board Of Secondary Education, Manipur
- The New Grammar Tree (7 & 8) – Oxford University Press
- Contemporary English Grammar – by Jayanthi Dakshina Murthy
- Concise Oxford English Dictionary (South Asia Edition) – Oxford University Press
- Hmar Bible – Delhi Version & BSI
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