Noun (Object) Le Verb Inkawp – Lallungawi

Tuta ei hril ding, a kâra pronoun zepa object le verb-a ei hmang hlak, an inkawp (indawt) phâta ziek ṭhe ding hi, subject le verb chungchâng ei hril nêk khan a khir lemin a’n lang. Ziek kawpa indik lem nia hril ei tum lem hi chu, ei lo ziek kawp ṭhang a tam êm êm. ‘Ziek ṭhe ding a nih’ ei ti khawm hi tam tak chun pawm thiem nghâl naw’m ei nih.

Thu ei khel tum hi ei hrietnain a hawl phâk china inthawkin Hmar ṭawngin a sawm rêng ‘dân’ hmangin ei inkhi ding a n’a. Chuleiin, mi tin pawm thei ding zâwng hi ei sukthlûk tum dân a ni nawh. Ei lo ziek kawp ṭhang a ni lei elin ṭawng intum naw bawk ei tih. Tuta ei hriet fie nghâl naw a ni khawmin, dilsut taka suitû chun hung hre thiem pei a tih. Chuong lai zing chun, a hnam pum huop am ei ti ding, ei inruol tlâng dân hi ei sie pawimaw hle. Anachu, ei hrietna a’n sâng naw khawmin, ei ban phâk china inthawkin ‘Hmar ṭawng Dân’ nia ei hriet hi ei sie chunghnung tak a. Ei phâk ang tâwka ‘sui’ le ‘inchûk’ ei ni leiin, thil indik inkâwkhmu chu ei tum tak a nih.

Grammar-a ‘object’ ei ti chu thil thaw (verb) lo dawngtu amani tuortu a nih. Thil thaw hin tuortu (object) a neiin a nei naw thei a. Tuortu mamaw thil thaw chu ‘transitive verb’ a ni a, tuortu nei lova mânia sin thaw thei verb chu ‘intransitive verb’ a nih. Ei khel tum hi object (tuortu) le verb chungchâng a ni leiin, thil thaw hi ‘transitive verb’ a ni ding a nih. Thil thaw object (tuortu/dawngtu) hi noun chi tum tum, pronoun, noun phrase le noun clause an ni hlak.

Object Le Verb

Thuchângkim hi thu tluong pângngâiâ ṭawngkam ei hmang chun, Sâp ṭawnga ‘indicative mood’ an ti ang hi a nih. Thu tluong pângngâi chu ‘simple sentence’ a ni a, pronoun khawm pakhat chau ei hmang hlak. Verb khawm pakhat chau a um a, chu chu verb putling (main verb) a ni bawk hlak.

(a) Thanga’n hlo a thlo.

(aw)   Ka nu’n bu a suong.

Entirna a pahni hin ṭawngkam pângngâia thil hrilna (indicative mood) thuchângkim a nih. Pronoun hi pakhat ‘a’ (singular) ve ve chau a um a, hi pronoun hi thil thawtu tak hrilna ‘subjective case’ a ni bawk a; pronoun hi ‘ka’ le plural khawm a ni thei tho. Verb khawm pakhat ve ve chau a um a, chuonghai chu (a) ‘thlo’ le (aw) ‘suong’ hi a nih. Verb thumalhai hi object mamaw (transitive verb) an ni leiin, tuortu dingin noun thumal (a) ‘hlo’ le (aw) ‘bu’ an nei thlap bawk. Hieng verb thumalhai hi an umna thuchângkim peia hin verb puitling an ni bawk.

(a) Pastor-pa’n rawng a bâwl.

(aw)   Pastor-pa’n thu a hril.

Entirna hmasa ang bawkin, entirna thutluon nuhnung a pahni hin thu tluong pângngâia thil hrilna a nih. Pronoun hi pakhat (singular) ve ve ‘a’ a um a, chu chu thil thawtu tak hrilna ‘subjective case’ a ni bawk. Pronoun hi ‘person’ dang dang le plural khawm a ni thei tho. Verb khawm pakhat ve ve chau an nei a, chuonghai chu (a) ‘bâwl’ le (aw) ‘hril’ hi a nih. Hi taka verb thumalhai hi object ṭhang lova che thei lo an ni leiin, object dingin noun thumal (a) ‘rawng’ le (aw) ‘thu’ an sawm thlap bawk. Hieng verb thumalhai hi an umna thutluon peia hin verb tawpa sin an thaw bawk.

Entirna pali ei suklang hi, thuchângkim an nina zâwna inkhiin sûngkaw khat an nih. Hieng thutluona hin verb putling pakhat chau pei umin, chu chu object bova ngîr thei lo verb (transitive) a nih. Verb hai hin object (tuortu), noun thumal an nei chit a. Verb le object kâra hin thil thawtu tak hrilna pronoun pakhat a tla zep seng bawk. Hienga thu tluong pângngâia thil ei hril phât chun, verb hi transitive verb a ni chun a lo dawngtu (object) le an inkâra pronoun ei zep a, an rêngin ṭawng bung tum le sin hran seng thaw an ni leiin ei ziek ṭhe hlak. Hi taka object-a ngîr noun thumal ‘hlo, bu, thu’ tihai ang bawkin, ‘rawng’ khawm hi noun thumal a nina le object a nina ei ringhlel dêr nawh.

Ziek ṭhe Ding – Participle (adjective) le Noun (object) Inkawp

Thutluon hi a chunga entirna ang thu tluong pângngâi ei hmang vawng nawh. Entirna hmasaa thuchângkim le tuta ei suklang ding thutluon khawm hi an inang nawh. A châng chun thu tluong pângngâi hmang lovin ṭawngkam ei chelek hlak (subjunctive mood). Chuong huna chun a kâra pronoun zepa object (noun) le verb ni hlak kha an ngîr kawp hlak. Hienga an ngîr kawp (indawt) phât khawm hin ziek mat lova a tum ve vea ngîr thei an nih.

(a) Hlo thlo hi sin zângkhâi a ni nawh.

(aw)   Sangi hla sak ka ngâithlâk ta hlak.

Entirna pakhatnaa (a) ‘hlo’ hi noun a ni a, ‘thlo’ hi transitive verb thumal a nih. Noun le verb hi, ‘hlo ka thlo’ tiin a kâra pronoun zepin object le verb-in ei hmang hlak. A kâra pronoun sie lova ‘hlo thlo’ tia an ngîr kawp (indawt) phât hin an nina zepui kha an inhmang nawh. Chuleiin, ‘hlo thlo’ tia ziek ṭhein noun thu hlawm ei siem a nih.

Hi taka noun thumal ‘hlo’ hi ieng ang am a ni ti verb thumal ‘thlo’ hin adjective sin thawa a hril fie leiin, verb thumal ‘thlo’ hi participle a hung ni tah. Noun le adjective (participle) chu ṭawng bung tum ve ve an ni leiin ziek kawp thei a ni naw a, ‘hlo thlo’ tiin mânia umze nei ni siin ei ziek ṭhe a, noun thu hlawm ei siem a nih. Noun thu hlawm ‘hlo thlo’ hi a umna thuchângkimah a chungchâng ei hril ‘subject’ a nih.

Entirna pahninaa (aw) ‘hla’ hi noun a ni a, ‘sak’ hi transitive verb thumal a nih. Noun le verb hi, ‘Sangi’n hla a sak’ tiin a kâra pronoun siein object le verb-in ei hmang hlak. A kâra pronoun um lova ‘hla sak’ tia an ngîr kawp (indawt) phât khawm hin an zepui kha an tlânsan nawh. Chuleiin, ‘hla sak’ tia ziek ṭhein noun thu hlawm ei ser a nih.

Hi taka noun thumal ‘hla’ hi, ‘ziek’ amanih, ‘phuok’ ni loin ‘sak’ a ni tiin, verb thumal ‘sak’ hin adjective sin thawa a hril fie leiin, verb thumal ‘sak’ participle a hung ni tah. Noun le adjective (participle) chu ṭawng bung hran ve ve an ni leiin ziek kawp thei a ni naw a, ‘hla sak’ tiin thil pakhat inkâwktir bîk nei ni siin ei ziek ṭhe a, noun thu hlawm ei siem a nih. Noun thu hlawm ‘hla sak’ hi a umna thutluona hin verb ‘ngaithlâk’ object a nih.

Gerund Le Object (noun) Inkawp

Thu tluong pângngâia ṭawngkam hmangna ni lo, a chunga ei hril ang thutluon ni ve tho, danglam met a um a. Thuchângkim ruongâm inang sien khawm, verb thumal participle-a hung inchang hi, ṭawngkam ei hmang dân zirin ‘gerund’ a hung ni hlak. Ei chai tah participle le transitive verb, gerund-a ei hmang hi a’n hnai leiin ṭheṭhâwp harsa ei ti el thei. An danglamna ei hril hman naw ding a n’a; chuleiin, ‘noun thu hlawm an nih’ ti le, ziek ṭhe ding an ni ti ei hriet phawt chun ei thlier hran thiem naw a ni khawmin a mi tâwk buoi talaw naw niin ngâi el ei tih.

(a) Rawng bâwl theia um hi a hlu.

(aw)   Pastor-pa hi thu hril a thiem.

Entirna pakhatnaa (a) ‘rawng’ hi ‘sin, thaw ding’ hming hrilna noun thumal a ni a, ‘bâwl’ hi transitive verb thumal a nih. Noun le verb hi ‘rawng ka bâwl’ tiin a kâra pronoun zepin object le verb sin an thaw hlak. A kâra pronoun sie lova an ngîr kawp (indawt) huna khawm verb ‘bâwl’ le ama sukfietu (complement) dinga a fen object ‘rawng’ (noun) hin an nina kha an la sawm zing tho. Chuleiin, ‘rawng bâwl’ tia ziek ṭhein gerund thu hlawm ei siem a nih.

Hi taka verb thumal ‘bâwl’ hi verb ni siin noun nina neia ei hmang a ni leiin gerund a nih. ‘Bâwl’ hi gerund ni sien khawm, a zepui chu transitive verb a ni tlat leiin ama chau chu a kim tâwk naw leiin, ama sukchiengtu (complement) dingin object ‘rawng’ hi a fen a nih. Noun (rawng) le gerund (bâwl) chu ṭawng bung hran ve ve an ni leiin ziek mat chî a ni naw a, ‘rawng bâwl’ tia ziek ṭhein mânia umze nei ni siin gerund thu hlawm a nih. ‘Gerund’ chu noun nina nei a ni leiin, gerund thu hlawm ‘rawng bâwl’ hi a umna thuchângkima a chungchâng ei hril ‘subject’ ngîrhmun a hluo bawk.

Entirna pahninaa (aw) ‘thu’ hi noun thumal a ni a, ‘hril’ hi transitive verb thumal a nih. Noun le verb hi ‘thu a hril’ tiin a kâra pronoun zepin object le verb-in an ngîr hlak. A kâra pronoun zep lova an inkawp (indawt) huna khawm, verb le ama sukfietu (complement) dinga a sawm object hin an nina kha an la chel zing tho. Chuleiin, ‘thu hril’ tia ziek ṭhein gerund thu hlawm ei ser a nih.

Hi taka verb thumal ‘hril’ hi verb ni siin noun nina neia ei hmang a ni leiin gerund a nih. Gerund ni sien khawm a zepui (transitive) a chel tlat leiin, ama sukfietu dingin object ‘thu’ hi a sawm a nih. Noun le gerund chu ṭawng bung tum ve ve an ni leiin ziek mat ding a ni naw a, ‘thu hril’ tia ziek ṭhein kâwk bîk nei ni siin gerund (noun) thu hlawm a hung nih. Gerund thu hlawm ‘thu hril’ a umna thutluona main verb ‘ṭha’ object a nih.

Ei hril ang khan, noun/gerund thu hlawmhai hi an umna thuchângkim peiah subject ngîrhmun amanih object ngîrhmun an hluo hlak. Verb thumal participle-a ei hmang le, transitive verb gerund-a ei hmang, ama sukfietu dinga object (noun) a sawm hi an zierâng a’n ang hle. Thil thuhmun ruok chu an ni nawh. An danglamna chu, verb thumal participle-a ei hmang hin chu a hmaa noun thumal hi adjective angin a hril fie hlak.

Khêl lo chun, kei ngei khawm hin uluk taluoa bî khawmin transitive verb thumal, gerund le participle hi thlier hran harsat ka ti châng a um. Inchûklâi naupang lem chun hriet hran harsa ti zuol an tih. Thlier hran thiem dinga inchûk zing ding ei ni lâi zingin, hi thil hin ei inchûk mêk hi a khak buoi nawna chin a um. A san chu, gerund hi noun nina nei a ni tho leiin, hienga object (noun) le verb inkawp (indawt) hi ‘noun thu hlawm (phrase)’ huong sûnga khum thei vawng an nina chin a um. Chuleiin, ‘noun thu hlawm’ an nina hi hriet chienga man phawt phawt hi a lampui hmasa a nih.

Verbal Noun Le Object (noun) Inkawp

Ei hril tah chi hni (participle le gerund umna) kha thu tluong pângngâi ni lo thuchângkim an ni a. Thu tluong pângngâi ni ve si, a kâra pronoun zep si lova transitive verb le object (noun) ngîr kawp châng a um. Ei thlîr taa khan transitive verb thumal chu participle amanih gerund-in an hung inchang a. Verb thumal tho hi, participle amani gerund ni lovin noun khawmin an hung inchang hlak. Gerund hi verb thumal noun nina nei niin ‘verbal noun’ lâia zêl sa ni sien khawm, gerund ni si lo ‘verbal noun’ hang ti bîk ding a um hlak. Dân narânin, thu tluong pângngâia thil ei hril phât, ṭawngkam ei hmang dân zirin verbal noun a’n zep hlak. Transitive verb, noun-a hung inchang le ama sukfietu (complement) dinga object a sawm hi ziek ṭhe ding a nih.

(a) Hla sak an um.

(aw)   Hmeruo zawr an hung.

Entirna thuchângkim pakhatna (a) hi thu tluong pângngâi a nih. Hi taka verb thumal ‘sak’ hi verb ni zingin noun nina neia hmang a ni leiin, verbal noun a nih. ‘Sak’ hi tuortu (object) mamaw thil thaw hrilna (transitive verb) a ni tlat leiin a khât chun a fie tâwk naw a; chuleiin, ama sukchiengtu dingin object ‘hla’ (noun) hi a sawm a nih. Verbal noun le object ngîr kawp hi ‘hla sak’ tiin mânia umze nei ni siin ei ziek ṭhe a, noun thu hlawm (phrase) an hung nih. Hi thuchângkima verb tawpa chu ‘um’ hi a nih.

Entirna pahnina (aw) khawm hi thu tluong pângngâi a nih. Hi thutluona verb thumal ‘zawr’ hi verb nina put zingin noun-in a hung inchang leiin ‘verbal noun’ a nih. ‘Zawr’ hi tuortu mamaw (transitive) verb a ni tlat leiin a khât chau chun a fie zo nawh; chuleiin, ama sukfietu dingin object ‘hmeruo’ hi a fen sa a nih. Verbal noun le object ngîr kawp hi ‘hmeruo zawr’ tia ziek ṭhein noun thu hlawm ei siem a nih. Hi thuchângkima verb tawpa chu ‘hung’ hi a nih.

Entirnaa noun thu hlawm ‘hla sak’ le ‘hmeruo zawr’ hi an umna thuchângkim peia hin subject ngîrhmun an hluo ve ve. Hieng hin, noun thu hlawm hi subject amanih object ngîrhmun an hluo hlak. Participle le gerund umna thuchângkim kha chu thu tluong pângngâi a ni naw a. Tuta verbal noun umna thuchângkim ruok hi chu thu tluong pângngâi a nih. Thu tluong pângngâia verb thumal ni si noun ze put hi ‘verbal noun’ ei ti bîk a nih.

Transitive verb thumal, participle, gerund le verbal noun-a ei hmang hi, anni sukchiengtu dinga an sawm noun thumal leh ziek ṭhein noun thu hlawm ei siem hlak. Ṭawngkam ei hmang dân zirin, transitive verb le a object hi a kâra pronoun inzep si lovin an sin pângngâi thawin a dawta an ngîr châng a um.

(a) Bu suong rawh.

(aw)   Puon sâwp rawh.

Entirna pakhatna (a) le pahninaa (aw) transitive verb ‘suong, sâwp’ le a object ‘bu, puon’ hai hin an sin pângngâi an thaw a, ei ziek ṭhe a nih. Hi taka noun thumal ‘bu, puon’ le verb thumal ‘suong, sâwp’ hi ziek ṭhe ding an ni ti hriet a harsa nawh. Hienga thil thaw dinga mi ei hrilna (tir) amanih, thu pêk ang chi thuchângkim (imperative sentence)-a hin transitive verb le a object hi an ngîr kawp hlak.

Tlâng Thlirna

Ei hril tah angin, a kâra pronoun siea object le verb ni hlak hi, a kâra pronoun zep lova an inkawp phât khawm an nina bul kha an inhmang chuong naw leiin ei ziek ṭhe a, mânia umze nei ni siin noun thu hlawm (phrase) ei siem hlak. Hienga transitive verb thumal hi participle amanih, gerund amanih verbal noun a hung ni ta hlak leiin ṭawng bung tum ve ve chu ziek kawp chi a ni naw leiin ei ziek ṭhe a, thil inkâwktir bîk nei ni siin noun/gerund thu hlawm an ni hin a’n dik a nih.

Ro ka rêl, Sin a thaw, Hma ka sâwn, Mal a sâwm, Râl ka do, Thing a phur, Bu ka fâk, Bu a fûn, Bu ka sêp, Bu a suk, Bu ka her, Bu a beng, Nga ka man, Puon a khâwng, Puon ka sâwp, Pat a kher, Pat ka sâi, Nâu a nei, Nâu ka pâi, Nâu a puok, Hma ka lâk, ṭhang a lâk, Ai ka aw, Sa a kâp, Thu ka puong, Thu a’n suo, Thu ka pêk, Thu a’n cha, Thu ka tiem, Thu a thlung, Thu ka nei, Hla a sak, Hla ka phuok, Lu a sûn, ṭhahnem ka ngâi.

Entirna hi tam deu ei hang zieka chu, hieng ang chi hi a tam leiin suklang sêng a ni nawh. Ei ziek lâi ngaituonaa inlang le inchik sa ṭhenkhat ei ziek lang thei ṭâwk a nih. Entirna thuchângkim siema ei hril ang khan, a chunga noun le verb thumal, a kâra pronoun siea object le verb-a ei hmang theihai hi, ṭawngkam danga an ngîr kawp (indawt) phât khawm ziek ṭhein a’n dik lem vawng.

Ro rêl, Sin thaw, Hma sâwn, Mal sâwm, Râl do, Thing phur, Bu fâk, Bu fûn, Bu sêp, Bu suk, Bu her, Bu beng, Nga man, Puon khâwng, Puon sâwp, Pat kher, Pat sâi, Nâu nei, Nâu pâi, Nâu puok, Hma lâk, |hang lâk, Ai aw, Sa kâp, Thu puong, Thu suok, Thu pêk, Thu cha, Thu tiem, Thu thlung, Thu nei, Hla sak, Hla Phuok, Lu sûn, ṭhahnem ngâi.

Entirnaa ei ziek ang hin, a kâra pronoun zep lova an indawt phât khawm participle le object inkawp amanih, gerund le object inkawp amanih, verbal noun le object inkawp amanih an ni hlak leiin, ziek ṭhe hi a kawng le lam a nih. Ei ziek ṭhe a, noun/gerund thu hlawm a ni hin ei inkâwktir bîk tum a kâwk ṭhel naw chau ni lovin, noun thumal tlanga ei siem nêk khan a’n dik lem bawk.

Thu hlawm (phrase) ni lova an inzui huna lem chu ziek ṭhe ngei ngei ding a nih. Entirna dingin, “Bu suong ta rawh,” tia ‘bu’ hi a khâta ngîrin, ‘suong’ hi verb a ni ang takin sin a thaw a, entirnaa ngîr kawp ang chi khi a ni nawh. Hieng huna hin tam tak chun ziek ṭhe ding a ni ti ei hrieta chu, ziek kawp hun um anga ei ngaina hin mi a ṭhuoi leiin ei ziek kawp rawp hlak.

Hienga an ngîr kawp (indawt) phâta ziek kawp hun um nia ei inchûktir le ei hmang hlak hi en nawn a ṭûl khawp el. ‘Ro rêl, thu hril, rawng bâwl, thu pêk, thu suok, thu puong’ tihai lem hi chu ieng huna khawm ziek kawp ding niin mi ṭhenkhat chun ei ngai tah. Hi ngâi dân hi thlâk a hun ta a, lungril zâu tak puta ei thlîr nuom a um. Chun, ‘dân’ ei hrilhai hi ei hmang hrim a ni, hi hi a ‘sâkhi’ leh a hnuoia hin ei la hril ding a nih.

Entirna ei pêk laia mi khi ‘exceptional case’ laia zêl thei a um el thei, entirna dingin ‘thu thlung’ ti dâm hi. Khawm hi a san fel tak neia ngai thiem ding chau a nih. Hi chungchâng hi bung danga ei la thlîr ding a nih. Ieng khawm ni sien, ziek ṭhea a’n dik thei dân ei hril taa chu, a hnuoia thlîr zâunaa khawm hin ei la bi chieng nâwk ding a nih.

Thlir Zâuna

A chunga ziek ṭhe ding ei ti laia tam tak khi, hienga an inkawp (indawt) phâta ei ziek kawpna san chu, kâwk bîk ei inneitir leiin, noun thumal tlangin ei siem hlak a nih. Chun, a thlûk zira thuok la lova ei lam inzawm zat leiin ziek kawp ding niin ei ngâi bawk. Hi dân hi inchûktirna him lo a nih, ziek kawp le ziek ṭhe ding hi Parts of Speech an nina ngîrhmun peia inthawka inkhi lem ding a nih. Khi hai le ngîrhmun inang ni si, ei ziek kawp ngai ṭhak lo thu hlawm (phrase) ṭhenkhat hang suklang ei tih.

Motor khal (Motor a khal), Motor nei (motor ka nei), Mei sêm (mei a sêm), Bu zêu (bu ka zêu), Thu insuo (thu an insuo).

Entirnaa thumal hmasa peia noun thumal le thumal nuhnung pei transitive verb thumal hi, kuol khum sûnga ei ziek ang khin ṭawngkam ei hmang dân zirin a kâra pronoun zepin object le verb-in an ngîr ve hlak. Ṭawngkam ei hmang dân zirin verb thumal pei hi participle amanih, gerund amanih, verbal noun amanih a hung ni hlak leiin mânia umze nei ni siin ei ziek ṭhe a, noun/gerund thu hlawm ei siem hlak. Chu chu a hmaa ei hrilhai leh khat huong khata an tla khâwm vawng. Anachu, entirna ei pêkhai hi chu ei suklang ang hin ziek ṭhe ding a ni ti ei inhmai ngâi dêr nawh. An sûngkaw ‘member’ ṭhenkhat ruok khi chu ei ziek kawp nâwk ang lawi si a nih.

Chuong ang chun, ‘motor nei’ ti le ‘thu nei’ ti hi ṭawngkam ei hmang dân zirin ngîrhmun inang ni si, ‘motor nei’ tiin ei ziek ṭhe a, ‘thunei’ tia ei ziek kawp bîk chu a kawng le lam a hraw nawh. ‘Bu zêu’ ti le ‘bu fûn’ ti khawm unau ni si, ‘bu zêu’ tiin pakhat ei ziek ṭhe a, ‘bufûn’ tia pakhat ei ziek kawp bîk hi a’n dik bawk nawh. ‘Thu suok’ ti le, ‘thu insuo’ ti khawm hi sûngkaw pakhat sûnga um hlak an nih. ‘Thu insuo’ tiin ei ziek ṭhe si, ‘thusuok’ tia ziek kawp bîk ei nei chun a lampui naw tieng ei pêt dai a nih. Prefix ‘in’ hmanga verb thumal ei siem hi, prefix ‘in’ ei bel lei ringawtin a hmaa noun leh hin ei ziek ṭhe hlak niin a’n lang.

Hieng an angpui ei suklang hin, ‘dân’ hi zui famkim thei a ni naw lai zingin, ei ṭhel nasatzie a mi hril. Chun, hienga ziek ṭhea noun/gerund thu hlawm siem hi Hmar ṭawng kalhmang hrim, inhmaa inthawka ei zui hrim a ni ti a sukchieng hle bawk. Chuleiin, hieng ang chia noun le verb inkawp ei ziek mat a, noun thumal tlang ei siem hi a lo indik naw hle. Ei fie zuolna dingin entirna dang la hang thur suok nâwk ei tih.

(a) Sin thaw pei….

(aw)   Thu hril pei….

(b) Thu pêk ding….

(ch)    Rawng bâwl thei….

Entirna hi thutluon tlingin ei ziek naw a, thumal hieng ‘pei, ding, thei’ tihai hi auxiliary verb an nih. Hmar ṭawnga auxiliary verb hin an hming put san ang hrimin verb thumal zuiin an ṭhangpui hlak. Auxiliary verb hin noun an zui thei ngei a, a tlângpuiin noun thumal verb-a hmang thei chi hi noun an ni huna khawm an zui châng a um. Chun, auxiliary verb-in noun le thumal dang an zui a ni chun, a san ṭha tak a um hlak.

Amiruokchu, dân narânin auxiliary verb hin noun thumal zuiin, ‘motor pei, bu thei’ ei ti tut ngâi dêr nawh. Chuleiin, entirnaa noun le verb inkawp hi ‘sinthaw, thuhril, thupêk, rawngbâwl’ tiin noun-in siem tah ang inla, auxiliary verb ‘pei, ding, thei’ ei inzuitir chun a kawng le lam a hraw ta nawh. Chun, ‘sinthaw, thuhril, thupêk, rawngbâwl’ tia ei ziek kawphai hi ‘verb an nih’ tiin ṭhang khâw tlat inla khawm, ieng ang thuchângkima khawm hieng ang thumal hin main verb sin an thaw ngâi nawh. Main verb sin an thaw thei si naw chun auxiliary verb khawmin an ṭhangpui thei ṭhak nawh.

Entirnaa verb thhumal hieng ‘thaw, hril, pêk, bâwl’ tihai ruok hi chu, a hma tienga ei hril ang khan main verb-in ei hmang hlak. Main verb-a hmang thei an ni leiin auxiliary verb hai khawmin an ṭhangpui hlak. Ṭawngkam ei hmang dân zira participle/gerund/verbal noun an ni huna khawm an zepui an tlânsan naw leiin auxiliary verb-in an la ṭâwiâwm rawp thei. Chuleiin, a chunga entirnaa ei suklang anga thu hlawm an ni huna khawm ‘sin thaw pei, thu hril pei, thu pêk ding, rawng bâwl thei’ tiin ei ziek ṭhe a, auxiliary verb-in verb thumal an ṭhangpui hi a’n dikin a mâwi a nih.

‘Sinthaw, thuhril, thupêk, rawngbâwl’ tia ziek kawp hi noun thumalin lo ngâi ta inla, auxiliary verb ei inzuitir nâwk si chu a lampui a ni nawh. Verb thumala ngâi ding ti inla hlak, main verb sin an thaw ngâi hrim hrim naw bawk; main verb sin an thaw thei naw hi ziek ṭhe indik lemzie hriltu a ni nghâl bawk. Chuleiin, object le verb ni hlak hi ang ngîr kawp huna khawm ‘sin thaw, thu hril, thu pêk, rawng bâwl’ tihai anga ziek ṭhe a’n dik lem a. Thu hlawm an ni huna khawm an zepui hmangin anni ṭâwiâwmtu dingin auxiliary verb an fen a, ‘sin thaw pei…, thu hril pei…, thu pêk ding…, rawng bâwl thei…’ tiin ei ziek ṭhe a, verb le auxiliary verb an inzui hi a’n dik zân a nih.

Auxiliary verb hai hi kawng dang le umze dang neia hmang thei an ni leiin, chu chu ṭhangsana hmanga indik naw taka ei sêl ṭâl a ni ngawt naw chun, ei hril ang chi ziek ṭhe indik lemzie hieng bâka fiena \ha a tam nawh. Auxiliary verb hin adverb khawm an zui hlak ti hi theinghil lo ding a nih.

Suffix ‘Na’ Le ‘Tu’ Bel Thei

Noun thumal le verb thumal inkawp ei ziek ṭhea noun thu hlawm ei siemnaa hin verb thumal a um tlat leiin, verb thumala bel hlak suffix ‘na’ le ‘tu’ ei bel hlak. Suffix ‘na’ le ‘tu’ ei bel khawm hin ziek kawp ding a ni chuong naw a, ei ziek ṭhea noun thu hlawm (phrase) amanih noun ṭhieng an hung ni nâwk pei a nih. Entirna tlâwmte chau hang suklang ei tih.

Rawng bâwlna, Rawng bâwltu; Ro rêlna, Ro rêltu; Sin thawna, Sin thawtu; Mal sâwmna, Mal sâwmtu; Bu herna, Bu hertu; Nga manna, Nga mantu; Puon khâwngna, Puon khâwngtu; Pat sâina, Pat sâitu; Thu puongna, Thu puongtu;  Thu pêkna, Thu petu; Thu tiemna, Thu tiemtu; Thu neina, Thu neitu; Hla phuokna, Hla phuoktu.

Entirnaa ei hmu ang hin, verb thumala suffix ‘na’ le ‘tu’ ei bel a, noun thumal ei siem a nih. Suffix ‘na’ le ‘tu’ kawpna thumal hi, a hmaa noun thumal leh ei ziek ṭhe a, noun ṭhieng amanih, noun thu hlawm a ni hin m^nia umze nei an ni tho. ‘Rawngbâwlna, rorêltu’ tia noun thumal tlang siema ei inkâwktir tum kha, ‘rawng bâwlna, ro rêltu’ tiin ei ziek ṭhea noun ṭhieng/thu hlawm ei siem hin a kâwk tho bâkah, thumalhai sin thaw a sukchieng lem.

Suffix ‘na’ hi verb le verb-a hmang thei thumala bel hlak a ni a, anni zuitu adverb le auxiliary verb an baw hun a um bawk. Suffix ‘na’ ei bel hin verb an nina kha bo chuong lovin, verb ni zingin noun zie an put leiin ‘verbal noun’ an hung ni hlak. Entirnaa ‘herna, khâwngna’ tihai hi verb zie put zingin noun zie an kawp sa leiin verbal noun an nih. Anni chau hin a fie tâwk naw leiin, an hmaa noun thumal le inkawpin, ‘bu herna, puon khâwngna’ tia ziek ṭhein mânia umze nei noun ṭhieng amanih noun thu hlawm an nih.

Hieng thumalhai hi, ‘sinthaw, buher, puonkhâwng’ tiin ziek kawp ta inla, suffix ‘na’ belin ‘sinthawna, buherna, puonkhâwngna’ ti inla chu verb-a bel hlak suffix ‘na’ hi noun thumal umnaah ei inkawptir a hung ni ta leiin a lampui a ni ta nawh. Chun, ‘sinthaw, buher, puonkhâwng’ tia ei ziek kawp hi verb-in ei hmang ngai hrim hrim naw bawk. Chuleiin, suffix ‘na’-in a kawpna ding hrim verb thumala kawp a, ‘sin thawna, bu herna, puon khâwngna’ tiin ei ziek ṭhe a, noun ṭhieng/thu hlawm’ ei siem hi a’n dik a nih. Suffix ‘na’ hi verb le anni thlawp theitu thumal chau a baw hlak a, noun thumala bel thei a ni naw ti hi ei pawm nuom a um. Suffix ‘na’ hin verb thumal chu noun ze putin a siem a; noun thumalah a hrana suffix ‘na’ bel a ṭûl ta naw a, ei bel ngai naw bawk.

Suffix ‘tu’ khawm hi transitive verb le, transitive zui theitu adverb thumala chau bel thei a nih. Hi lei hin suffix ‘na’ ei belna po poa hin ‘tu’ hi ei bel thei naw hrim a nih. Suffix ‘tu’ ei bel chun thil thaw hmanga a thawtu tak kâwkhmutu a hung ni hlak. Transitive verb-ah, ‘thawtu, hertu, khâwngtu’ tia suffix ‘tu’ ei bel hin thil thaw hmanga a thawtu hrilna’n a hung inchang a. A mal chau hin a fie tâwk naw leiin a hmaa thumal le inkawpin, ‘sin thawtu, bu hertu, puon khâwngtu’ tia ziek ṭhein, noun ṭhieng amanih noun thu hlawm an hung ni hlak.

‘Sinthaw, buher, puonkhâwng’ tiin ziek kawp ta inla, suffix ‘tu’ belin ‘sinthawtu, buhertu, puonkhâwngtu’ ti inla chu transitive verb ni lo noun kawpna thumalah suffix ‘tu’ ei inkawptir a ni leiin a’n dik thei nawh. Chun, ‘sinthaw, buher, puonkhâwng’ tia ei ziek mat hi verb-in ei hmang ngai hrim hrim naw bawk. Chuleiin, ‘sin thawtu, bu hertu, puon khâwngtu’ tia ziek ṭhein, suffix ‘tu’ hi transitive verb thumala a kawp hi phuok fâwm dân ni lovin Hmar ṭawng kalhmang hrim a nih. Suffix ‘tu’ kawpna noun thumal ni ta lê, a hmaa noun thumal inkawp hi ziek ṭhein noun ṭhieng/thu hlawm ei siem hi a kawng le lam a nih.

Chuong lai zing chun, thumal insiem dân thlungpui zui lova inhêm danglam a um rawp hlak. Thumal ṭhenkhat hi chu san ṭha tak neiin ngai thiemna bâwmah ei thlâk hlak. Chuleiin, suffix ‘na’ le ‘tu’ kawpna hieng, ‘rawngbâwlna, rawngbâwltu, rorêlna, rorêltu’ ei tihai hi chu ziek kawp hun um sien ei ti ruok chun leh, eini thu thu ni’ng a t’a. Anachu, ie’m a ni chânga ziek mat hun um hin kakhâwk a nei hlak leiin thaw chi chu a ni naw el thei. Ieng khawm ni sien, ei hrilhai hi a kalhmang hrim a ni leiin a’n dik tak kha ei inkâwkhmu a nih.

Ziek Kawp Ding

Noun thumal le verb thumal inkawp, a kâra pronoun zepa object le verb-a ei hmang hlak, an inkawp (indawt) phâta ziek kawp ngâi ngâi chi a um. Hienga ziek kawpa thumal tlang siem hi bung bul tieng chipchier deu hleka ei hril ta leiin, hi bunga hin chu tha ei inthla deu ding a nih.

Lungdaw, Dumhmuom, Thlalâk, Puonpha, Puonbi, Lekhathawn, Zâidaw, Kâwnghrên, Haver, Buhak, Ngakuoi

A chunga thumal tlanga ei ziekhai hi, thu tluong pângngâia thil ei hril phât chu a kâra pronoun zepin object le verb-in ei hmang hlak. Object le verb-a hmangna hang suklang nâwk ei t’a, a kâra pronoun zep lova an ngîr kawp huna ei ziek kawp anga hi ziek mat a’n dik le indik naw thlîr nâwk ei tih.

Lung ka daw, Dum a hmuom, Thla ka lâk, Puon a pha, Puon ka bi, Lekha a thawn, Zâi ka daw, Kâwng a hrên, (tuthlaw) Ha ka ver, Bu a hak, Nga a kuoi

Hieng hin, thu tluong pângngâia ṭawngkam ei hmang chun, thumal hmasa noun hi verb (transitive) thumal a object an hung ni hlak. ‘Ka nu lung ka daw’ tia transitive verb ‘daw’ le a object noun thumal ‘lung’ hi, ‘Vawitûk lungdaw kan hawng’ tia ‘lung’ le ‘daw’ hi ziek hran a rem ta nawh. ‘Lung daw’ tia ei ziek ṭhe chun ‘daw’ hin verb a nina anga ngîrin participle amani gerund niin, thu hlawm (phrase) a ni dai ding a nih. Hi taka ‘lungdaw’ tia verb thumal ‘daw’ hin verb a nina a tlânsan ta a, thil a thaw ta nawh. Chuleiin, noun le verb thumal hi ‘lungdaw’ tiin ei ziek kawp a, hriet zingna dinga ei phun hlak hming hrilna dingin noun thumal tlang ei siem hin a’n dik lem.

‘Dum a hmuom’ tia a kâra pronoun siea object (dum) le verb (hmuom)-a ei hmang hi, ‘Dumhmuom ka hmuom hlak’ tia noun le verb hi ‘dum hmuom’ tia ziek ṭhe chu kâwk dang a nei naw leh thu hlawm ang kha ni ding a ni leiin a’n dik thei nawh. Hi taka ‘dumhmuom’ tia verb thumal ‘hmuom’ hin verb nina inhmangin verb sin a thaw ta nawh. Chuleiin, baua hmuom chi thil hming hrilna dingin ‘duomhmuom’ tia ziek kawpin noun thumal tlang ei ser a nih.

‘Thla ka lâk’ tia noun le verb khawm hi, ‘Single thlalâk ka nei nawh’ ti anga ṭawngkam ei hmang chun ‘thla lâk’ tia ziek ṭhe lovin, ‘thlalâk’ tia ziek kawpin noun thumal tlanga ei hmang hi a’n dik lem bawk. Hi taka ‘thlalâk’ tia verb ‘lâk’ hin verb a nina a chel ta nawh. ‘Thlalâk’ ti hin chun thla ei lâk ta hnung a lim kha a kâwk a nih.

‘Puon a pha’ tia object le verb hi, ‘I puonpha ang hi ka dit ve’ tia an inkawp huna hin, thil hming hrilnaa ei hmang a ni leiin ‘puon pha’ tia ziek ṭhein thu hlawm an nî a rem nawh. ‘Puonpha’ tia ei ziek mat hin chu verb thumal ‘pha’ hin a nina bul a tlânsan tah. Chuleiin, puon pha (hi hin chu ziek ṭhe ding) chi bîk hrilnaa ei hmang a ni chun ‘puonpha’ tia noun thumal tlang ei siem hi a nî dân ding a nih. ‘Puon ka bi’ tia noun thumal le verb thumal khawm hi, thil hming, puon a bia bî chî hrilna hminga ei hmang a ni chun ‘puonbi’ tia ziek kawp hi a lampui niin a’n lang bawk.

‘Lekha a thawn’ tia a kâra pronoun zepin object (lekha) le verb (thawn) ni hlak hi, ‘Lekhathawn ka ziek’ tia an inkawp huna chu, ‘lekha thawn’ tia ei ziek ṭhe chun verb ‘thawn’ hi participle amani gerund niin noun thu hlawm ang hi a ni dai ding a nih. Hi taka an inkawpnaa hin chu verb thumal ‘thawn’ hin a nina bul a’n hmang ta leiin, ‘lekhathawn (letter)’ tia ziek matin thumal tlang ei ser a nih. Chuong ang bawk chun, ‘zâi ka daw’ tia object le verb inthlawp hi, ‘Zaidaw mi chu an tluong hlak’ tia an inkawp phât hin ‘zâidaw’ tia ziek matin thumal tlang a hung ni hlak.

‘Kâwng a hrên’ tia object (kâwng) le verb (hrên)-a ei hmang thei hi, ‘kâwnghrên’ tia ei ziek kawp phât chu kekawr ei bun phâta ei kâwng laia a kei dettu dinga ei hmang hlak thil hming (noun) hrilna ei inkâwktir hlak. Hi taka ‘kâwnghrên’ tia verb thumal ‘hrên’ hin verb a nina angin sin a thaw ta nawh. ‘Kâwnghrên ka hrên’ ei ti hlak thoa chu, kâwnghrên pângngâi ni kher lo puon le hrui dâm huopin, kâwnga khit detna dingin ‘I kâwng hrên rawh’ amanih, ‘Kâwng ka hrên’ ei ti bawk hlak. Hi le inanga ei hmang chu ‘kâwngchûn’ ti a nih.

‘Haver, buhak, ngakuoi’ tia ei ziek mat phât hin hming hrilna ‘noun’ a ni hlak. ‘Tuthlaw ha ding ka ver’ tia object le verb ni hlak kha, ‘haver’ tia ei ziek mat ruok chun mistiri thuomhnaw, thil verna hming a nih. ‘Bu ka hak’ tia object le verb ni hlak kha, ‘buhak’ tia ziek matin bu hakna hmangruo hrilna noun a nih. ‘Nga ka kuoi’ tia object le verb ni hlak khawm hi, ‘ngakuoi’ tia ei ziek mat chun nga kuoina hmangruo kha ei inkâwktir hlak. ‘Haver, buhak, ngakuoi’ tihaia verb thumal ‘ver, hak, kuoi’ tihai hin verb an nina an tlânsanin noun thumal serna dingin ei hmang a nih.

Hienga noun thumal le verb thumal inkawp ei ziet mat a, noun thumal tlanga ei serhai po po hi a dawta an ngîr kawp phât ziek ṭhe ngêi ngêi hun a um hlak. Hieng thutluon, ‘Lung daw rawh, Dum hmuom ngâi naw rawh, Ka thlâ lâk ka nuom, Puon pha vat vat rawh, Puon bi ka thiem nawh, I nu le pa lekha thawn rawh, Zâi daw hlak rawh, I kâwng hrên rawh’ tihaia verb thumalhai hi main verb sin dâm an thaw bâkah, ziek ṭhe chî ei hril anga participle amanih gerund an ni leiin noun thu hlawm hung ni vein an hmaa noun thumal leh hin ei ziek ṭhe hlak.

Thumal inang ni si, ziek kawp hun le ziek ṭhe hun um hi Hmar ṭawng ziek dik intak ei tina san lien tak a nih. Ei zuk hril anga noun le verb inkawp ni kher lo khawm, sipel inang ni si hmang dân inang naw leia ziek mat hun le ziek kawp hun bîk nei tam tak a um. Entirna dingin, ‘Kan insûng kan buoi hle’ tia ‘in’ le ‘sûng’ hi ‘sûngkuo (family)’ hrilna a ni leiin ei ziek kawp a nih. ‘Kan in sûng a’n hnawk’ ti a ni ruok chun, ‘in’ hi chêngna hmun hrilna noun a ni a, ‘sûng’ ruok hi chu postposition a ni leiin ‘in sûng’ tiin a mala ngîr thei ve ve an ni leiin ei ziek ṭhe a nih. Chuong ang bawk chun, sipel inang char ni si ‘khawsûng’ tia ei ziek kawp le, ‘khaw sûng’ tia ei ziek ṭhe umzie hi inpersan dai a nih.

Noun le verb inkawp ni si, sipel inang ni bawk, ziek kawp le ziek ṭhe hun um hi intak âwm takin a’n langa chu a zie ei man chun a ṭheṭhâwp a harsa nawh. Ziek kawp le ziek ṭhe chungchâng ei inchûkna le inzawma a pawimaw laia ei sie, thumal tin ṭawng bung (parts of speech) an nina ngîrhmun hre a, chu chu inkhina hmawla ei lek thiem phawt chun ziek kawp le ziek ṭhe ding chu ei thlier thiem el. Chuleiin, thumal tin hi ṭawng bung an nina le a hmang dân hriet chieng a pawimaw. Hi ding hin ei lekhabu ‘Hmar Grammar And Composition’ hi bi rawp hlak dingin ei inkâwkhmu a nih.

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Lekhabu râwnhai:

1. New Hmar Grammar And Composition- published by The Hmar Literature Society, Manipur.
2. Mizo ṭawng Grammar (Based on its usage and unique features) – PC Thangzikpuia.
3. Grammar And Composition of Contemporary English (Class IX – X)- Board Of Secondary Education, Manipur.
4. The New Grammar Tree (7 & 8) – Oxford University Press.
5. Contemporary English Grammar- by Jayanthi Dakshina Murthy.
6. Concise Oxford English Dictionary (South Asia Edition)- Oxford University Press.